The Impact of Toy Exploration Activities on Critical Thinking and Speaking Skills in 3-4 Years Old Children
Abstract
This study analyzes the impact of toy exploration on the critical thinking and speaking skills of children ages 3-4. Understanding how toy explorations influences these abilities is crucial for parents and educators to support children’s cognitive and communication development effectively. This study processes data using a quasi-experimental approach using JASP. There are 29 participants in this study, and the sample is made up of kids between the ages of 3 and 4. With the experimental group achieving higher ratings of 6.46 and 9 than the control group, the data show that the p-score was less than 0.001. It can be inferred that toy exploration activities have an impact on children's critical thinking and speaking skills between the ages of three and four.
Downloads
References
Ahn, R. J. (2022). Exploration of parental advertising literacy and parental mediation: Influencer marketing of media character toy and merchandise. Journal of Advertising. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2021.1944935
Andrini, V. S. (2016). The effectiveness of inquiry learning method to enhance students’ learning outcome: A theoritical and empirical review. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(3). https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/28416/29159
Cheng, Y. W., Wang, Y., Yang, Y. F., & Yang, Z. K. (2020). Designing an authoring system of robots and IoT-based toys for EFL teaching and learning. Computer Assisted Language Learning. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2020.1799823
Ennis, R. H. (2013). Critical thinking across the curriculum (CTAC). OSSA Conference Archive. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/ossaarchive/OSSA10/papersandcommentaries/44
Facione, P. A. (2015). Critical thinking: What it is and why it counts (Permission to reprint for non-commercial uses). Measured Reasons LLC. http://www.insightassessment.com
Ghozali, R., Ahmad, Y. B., & Kartini, D. (2024). Analysis of vocabulary usage in the animated film Toy Story I as a means of enhancing English proficiency in children. Project (Professional Journal of English Education). https://journal.ikipsiliwangi.ac.id/index.php/project/article/view/21542
Hadaina, N., & Astawan, G. (2021). Instrumen kemampuan kerjasama anak kelompok B Taman Kanak-Kanak. Journal for Lesson and Learning Studies, 4(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.23887/jlls.v4i1.31116
Hall, L., Paracha, S., Flint, T., & MacFarlane, K. (2022). Still looking for new ways to play and learn… Expert perspectives and expectations for interactive toys. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212868921000672
Jannah, M. (2016). Psikologi eksperimen: Sebuah pengantar. UNESA University Press.
Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia. (2014). Standar nasional pendidikan anak usia dini No. 137 Tahun 2014. Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, 1–76.
Kewalramani, S., Kidman, G., & Tan, G. (2021). Using artificial intelligence (AI)-interfaced robotic toys in early childhood settings: A case for children’s inquiry literacy. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2021.1968458
Lillard, A. (2001). Pretend play as twin earth: A social-cognitive analysis. Developmental Review, 21(4), 495–531. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.2001.0532
Lin, S. Y., Chien, S. Y., Hsiao, C. L., & Hsia, C. H. (2020). Enhancing computational thinking capability of preschool children by game-based smart toys. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567422320300880
Lupetti, M. L., & Van Mechelen, M. (2022). Promoting children’s critical thinking towards robotics through robot deception. In 2022 17th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9889511/
Madyawati, L., Kemendikbud RI, Mariana, S., Zubaidah, E., Putra, A. Y., Yudiernawati, A., Maemunah, N., Setyawan, F. H., Ramadani, R., Dewi, N. L. K. M., Putra, D. B. K. T. N. G. R. S., Suniasih, N. W., Widowati, D. A., Teftiani Karina, D., Amelia, L., Marsella, A., Fatmawati, S. R., Hardini, R. N. C., Adhimah, S., … Arifa, T. R. (2016). Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Nomor 137 Tahun 2014 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. PAUD Teratai.
Maulana, N., & Handayani, A. T. (2022). Upaya meningkatkan kemampuan anak usia dini dalam mengenal konsep ukuran melalui metode outdoor learning di TK Negeri Pagar Merbau kelompok B T.A 2021/2022. Cybernetics: Journal Educational Research and Social Studies, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.51178/cjerss.v3i4.926
Oberman, R., & Sainz, G. M. (2021). Critical thinking, critical pedagogy and climate change education. In Teaching for social justice and .... https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003003021-5
Rafida, T., & Harahap, M. (2020). Implementation of playing methods in learning science in improving children’s critical thinking ability in Raudhatul Athfal Assyifa Medan. BIRCI: Business and Innovation Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal). https://www.bircu-journal.com/index.php/birci/article/view/914
Schulz, L. (2012). The origins of inquiry: Inductive inference and exploration in early childhood. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(7), 382–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.06.004
Topu, F. B., Yılmaz, R. M., & [Author omitted]. (2023). An examination of pre-school children’s interaction levels and motivation in learning English with AR-supported educational toys. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2108960
Trinanda, M. A., & Yaswinda, Y. (2022). The effect of using loose parts media on critical thinking ability in children aged 5–6 years in learning in kindergarten. In 6th International Conference of Early Childhood Education (ICECE-6 2021). https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icece-6-21/125975317
Yuan, R. (2023). The other side of the coin: A socio-cultural analysis of pre-service language teachers’ learning to teach critical thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1871187123000354
Copyright (c) 2025 Studies in Philosophy of Science and Education
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright Notice
The copyright of the received article once accepted for publication shall be assigned to the journal as the publisher of the journal. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to the published articles.
